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鈦陽極上的金屬(shu)氧(yang)化物涂(tu)層的作用(yong)是(shi)什么？

發布時間：2024-02-26 15:37:07 丨 瀏覽次數：

　　鈦(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)就是鈦(tai)(tai)基金屬(shu)氧化(hua)(hua)物涂層(ceng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)。根據其(qi)表(biao)面催化(hua)(hua)涂層(ceng)不同分別具(ju)有(you)析(xi)(xi)氧功(gong)能、析(xi)(xi)氯功(gong)能。一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)材(cai)料要具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，極(ji)(ji)(ji)距變(bian)化(hua)(hua)小，耐腐蝕性(xing)(xing)(xing)強，機械強度和加(jia)工(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能好(hao)，壽(shou)命(ming)長，費(fei)用低(di)，對電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)反應具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)催化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能，目前鈦(tai)(tai)是Z能滿足以上(shang)綜合要求的(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)，一(yi)般采用工(gong)業純鈦(tai)(tai)TA1\TA2 鈦(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)氧化(hua)(hua)物涂層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)作用是：電(dian)(dian)阻率低(di)，具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(鈦(tai)(tai)本身導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能不好(hao))，貴金屬(shu)涂層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學組成穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)，晶體(ti)結構穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)，電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)尺寸穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)，耐蝕性(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)，壽(shou)命(ming)長，具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)催化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能，有(you)利于(yu)降低(di)析(xi)(xi)氧、析(xi)(xi)氯反應的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)，節約(yue)電(dian)(dian)能。

　　1、鈦陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)工作壽(shou)命(ming)長，隔膜法生(sheng)產(chan)氯堿工業中(zhong)，金(jin)屬陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)耐氯和(he)堿的腐蝕，陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)壽(shou)命(ming)己(ji)達(da)6年以上，而石墨陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)僅為8個(ge)月。

　　2、可(ke)克服石墨(mo)陽極和鉛(qian)陽極溶解(jie)問題，避免對電解(jie)液和陰(yin)極產物的污染，因(yin)而可(ke)提高金屬產品純(chun)度。

　　3、可提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)流(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)。隔膜(mo)法生產(chan)氯堿中，石墨陽(yang)(yang)極的工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)為8A/dm2，鈦陽(yang)(yang)極可成倍地增(zeng)加，達17A/dm2，這樣(yang)在電(dian)(dian)解廠房、電(dian)(dian)解槽(cao)相同(tong)的條件下(xia)(xia)，產(chan)量(liang)可增(zeng)加1倍，提(ti)高了單槽(cao)生產(chan)能力(li)，有效地提(ti)高了勞動生產(chan)效率。在高工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)下(xia)(xia)進行電(dian)(dian)解時，使用鈦陽(yang)(yang)極比較適宜。

　　4、由(you)于采用了金屬(shu)陽極，氯酸(suan)(suan)鹽電(dian)解槽(cao)的(de)高溫、高電(dian)流密(mi)度操(cao)作成為(wei)可能(neng)。金屬(shu)陽極的(de)采用使電(dian)解槽(cao)構造得以改善(shan)，降低了電(dian)能(neng)消耗，加快(kuai)了次氯酸(suan)(suan)鹽生氣氯酸(suan)(suan)鹽的(de)化學(xue)反(fan)應，從(cong)而提(ti)高了生產(chan)性能(neng)。

　　5、采用(yong)了DSA，水銀(yin)法及隔膜法食鹽電(dian)(dian)解槽(cao)的(de)(de)設計概(gai)念和操作條件得(de)以改進，能耗得(de)以降低(di)。DSA低(di)的(de)(de)過電(dian)(dian)位(wei)特性，電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)間表(biao)面及電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)氣泡容易排除(chu)，是金屬陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)解槽(cao)槽(cao)電(dian)(dian)壓降低(di)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要原(yuan)因。 由于鈦(tai)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji) 具有很多優點，它(ta)的(de)(de)開發使(shi)氯(lv)堿(jian)(jian)工業(ye)取得(de)很大(da)經濟(ji)效(xiao)益，因此很快便在世(shi)界(jie)各地(di)推廣(guang)使(shi)用(yong)。氯(lv)堿(jian)(jian)生產能力，全世(shi)界(jie)約(yue)4100萬噸/年，采用(yong)鈦(tai)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)小于70%，鈦(tai)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)被(bei)譽為氯(lv)堿(jian)(jian)工業(ye)一(yi)項重(zhong)大(da)技(ji)術(shu)*屏蔽的(de)(de)關鍵字*。隨后，鈦(tai)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)在許多電(dian)(dian)解工業(ye)中也得(de)到廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)推廣(guang)應用(yong)。

　　6、陽(yang)極尺寸穩定，電解過程中電極間距離不變化，可保證電解操作(zuo)在槽(cao)電壓(ya)穩定情況(kuang)下(xia)進行。

　　7、可(ke)避免(mian)鉛陽(yang)極變形后的短路問題，因(yin)而可(ke)提高電流(liu)效率。

　　8、鈦陽極重量輕，可減輕勞動強度。

　　9、開(kai)關制作容易，可高精度化。

　　10、工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低(di)，因此電(dian)(dian)能消耗(hao)小，可(ke)節省電(dian)(dian)能消耗(hao)，直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)耗(hao)可(ke)降(jiang)低(di)10%～20%。鈦陽(yang)極工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低(di)的(de)主(zhu)要原因：

　　1)活性涂層鈦(tai)陽極對(dui)氯和氧(yang)的過電(dian)位(wei)均比(bi)較(jiao)低(di)(di)。鹽(yan)水電(dian)解生(sheng)產氯堿時(shi)(shi)，鈦(tai)陽極對(dui)氯過電(dian)位(wei)低(di)(di)，在1A/cm2時(shi)(shi)比(bi)石墨陽極低(di)(di)140mV;

　　2)可降低(di)“氣(qi)泡屏蔽效(xiao)應”，金屬陽(yang)極表面生成的氣(qi)泡比較細小，且(qie)脫離迅速，這樣電極間(jian)充氣(qi)度大(da)為降低(di)，兩極間(jian)歐(ou)姆降大(da)約為700mV，氣(qi)泡直(zhi)徑約為3mm;

　　3)降低了陽極結(jie)構的電阻(zu);

　　4)縮短了極間距(ju)離。 20世紀60年(nian)代(dai)，全世界(jie)食鹽(yan)電(dian)解工(gong)業年(nian)耗電(dian)量約1500億度，使用金屬陽(yang)極后，每年(nian)可(ke)節(jie)約電(dian)能約3億度。

　　11、氯堿生產(chan)中，使用(yong)鈦(tai)陽極后，產(chan)品質量(liang)高，*屏(ping)蔽(bi)的(de)關鍵字*純度(du)高，不含CO2,堿濃(nong)度(du)高，可節省加熱用(yong)蒸汽，節省能源(yuan)消耗(hao)。

　　12、耐腐蝕性強，可在許多腐蝕性強，有特(te)殊要求的電解介質中(zhong)工作。

　　13、基體金屬鈦可多次(ci)反復使用。

　　14、金屬陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)出現(xian)(xian)，使用氯(lv)(lv)堿工業(ye)(ye)中近期涌現(xian)(xian)出的(de)Z新離子膜電(dian)(dian)解(jie)技術(shu)(shu)得以設計和(he)實現(xian)(xian)工業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)。   可(ke)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)不(bu)(bu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji) 可(ke)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)過程中起補充(chong)金屬離子和(he)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)的(de)作(zuo)用，不(bu)(bu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)只起導(dao)電(dian)(dian)作(zuo)用。Z早(zao)的(de)不(bu)(bu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)石墨和(he)鉛系陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)上世紀70年(nian)代鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)作(zuo)為新技術(shu)(shu)開(kai)始應用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)和(he)電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)。目前(qian)不(bu)(bu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)分(fen)為兩(liang)大類：析(xi)氯(lv)(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)析(xi)氧陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)。析(xi)氯(lv)(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)主要用于氯(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)物電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液體系，電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)過程中陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)有*屏蔽的(de)關鍵字*釋(shi)放(fang)出來(lai)，因(yin)此稱為析(xi)氯(lv)(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji);析(xi)氧陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)主要用于硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽、硝酸(suan)(suan)鹽、氫(qing)氰(qing)酸(suan)(suan)鹽等電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液體系，電(dian)(dian)鍍(du)(du)過程中陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)有氧氣釋(shi)放(fang)出來(lai)，因(yin)此稱為析(xi)氧陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)。鉛合金陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)析(xi)氧陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)，鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)根據其表面催化(hua)(hua)涂層不(bu)(bu)同(tong)分(fen)別具有析(xi)氧、析(xi)氯(lv)(lv)功(gong)(gong)能或(huo)二者(zhe)功(gong)(gong)效兼有。

　　氯堿工(gong)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji) 與(yu)石(shi)墨(mo)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)相(xiang)比，隔膜(mo)法生產(chan)燒堿，石(shi)墨(mo)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)壓為8A/DM2涂(tu)(tu)層陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)可(ke)成(cheng)倍(bei)增加，達17A/DM2。這樣(yang)在同(tong)樣(yang)的(de)(de)電(dian)解環(huan)境(jing)下產(chan)品可(ke)成(cheng)倍(bei)提高(gao)(gao)，而且(qie)所生產(chan)品的(de)(de)質量(liang)高(gao)(gao)，*屏蔽(bi)的(de)(de)關鍵字(zi)*純(chun)度高(gao)(gao)。   電(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)用(yong)(yong)鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji) 電(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)是在鈦(tai)基(ji)體 (網狀、板(ban)狀、帶狀、管狀等(deng))上(shang)涂(tu)(tu)覆具有(you)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)貴金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)涂(tu)(tu)層，涂(tu)(tu)層中(zhong)含有(you)高(gao)(gao)穩定性(xing)的(de)(de)閥金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)。新型不(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji) 具有(you)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)，析(xi)氧過(guo)電(dian)位(wei)比鉛(qian)合金(jin)(jin)不(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)低約0.5 V，節能(neng)顯著,穩定性(xing)高(gao)(gao),不(bu)污染鍍(du)(du)(du)液,重量(liang)輕，易于更(geng)換。 新型不(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)析(xi)氧過(guo)電(dian)位(wei)也比鍍(du)(du)(du)鉑不(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)低，但是壽(shou)(shou)命卻(que)提高(gao)(gao)1倍(bei)以上(shang)。廣(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)于各種(zhong)電(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)中(zhong)作(zuo)為陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)或者輔助陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)使用(yong)(yong)，可(ke)以替代常規的(de)(de)鉛(qian)基(ji)合金(jin)(jin)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji),在相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)條件(jian)下,可(ke)以降低槽電(dian)壓，節約電(dian)能(neng)消耗;不(bu)溶(rong)性(xing)鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)在電(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)過(guo)程中(zhong)具有(you)良(liang)好的(de)(de)穩定性(xing)(化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學、電(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學)，使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)命長。此陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)于鍍(du)(du)(du)鎳鍍(du)(du)(du)金(jin)(jin)、鍍(du)(du)(du)鉻、鍍(du)(du)(du)鋅、鍍(du)(du)(du)銅等(deng)電(dian)鍍(du)(du)(du)有(you)色金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)行(xing)業(ye).

　　鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)及(ji)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合金(jin)(jin)陽極(ji)(ji) 鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合金(jin)(jin)陽極(ji)(ji)屬于(yu)析氧(yang)(yang)(yang)陽極(ji)(ji)，析氧(yang)(yang)(yang)反(fan)應(ying)的(de)電(dian)(dian)解液為(wei)硫(liu)酸(suan)和(he)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽，主(zhu)要用(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)解冶金(jin)(jin)。這種陽極(ji)(ji)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)解過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)幾何尺寸會有所變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)缺陷。，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)解過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)陽極(ji)(ji)基體(ti)(ti)首先轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，然后再(zai)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)一個中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，它(ta)是(shi)絕緣(yuan)體(ti)(ti)，起著化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學阻擋層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)作用(yong)，可以在(zai)(zai)硫(liu)酸(suan)環境中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保護內層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基體(ti)(ti)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)在(zai)(zai)外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)實(shi)際意(yi)義上(shang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)，上(shang)面發(fa)生(sheng)析氧(yang)(yang)(yang)反(fan)應(ying)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)析氧(yang)(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)很高，并(bing)且隨著電(dian)(dian)流密度的(de)增(zeng)加(jia)迅速上(shang)升(sheng)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合金(jin)(jin)陽極(ji)(ji)的(de)這種特征是(shi)由它(ta)外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)物(wu)質氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)固有特點—氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)的(de)不(bu)良導(dao)體(ti)(ti)所決定的(de)。此(ci)(ci)外(wai)，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)解過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)陽極(ji)(ji)結構(gou)的(de)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學性(xing)能不(bu)斷(duan)衰(shuai)減，其(qi)內部應(ying)力的(de)產生(sheng)導(dao)致氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)一層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)脫落，另外(wai)，過氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)也導(dao)致氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)不(bu)斷(duan)溶解，作為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)再(zai)次被(bei)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)新的(de)外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)電(dian)(dian)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)活性(xing)物(wu)質，內層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基體(ti)(ti)又(you)被(bei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)新的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)保護層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。因此(ci)(ci)，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)解過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)及(ji)其(qi)合金(jin)(jin)元素不(bu)斷(duan)溶解到電(dian)(dian)解液里(li)并(bing)沉(chen)(chen)淀造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)溶液污(wu)(wu)染(溶液中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學沉(chen)(chen)淀)和(he)陰極(ji)(ji)產物(wu)的(de)污(wu)(wu)染(陰極(ji)(ji)表面的(de)污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)電(dian)(dian)沉(chen)(chen)積(ji)，電(dian)(dian)解到銅的(de)純度不(bu)能很好(hao)的(de)得到保證(zheng))。

　　1、什么是鈦陽極？ 鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)極(ji)就是(shi)鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)基金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物涂(tu)(tu)層中的(de)(de)(de)陽(yang)極(ji)。根(gen)據其表面(mian)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)涂(tu)(tu)層不同分別具有(you)(you)析氧(yang)(yang)功能(neng)(neng)、析氯功能(neng)(neng)。一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)極(ji)材料(liao)要具有(you)(you)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性，極(ji)距變化(hua)(hua)(hua)小，耐(nai)腐蝕性強(qiang)，機械強(qiang)度和加工性能(neng)(neng)好(hao)(hao)(hao)，壽(shou)命長，費用(yong)(yong)低(di)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)反(fan)應具有(you)(you)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)性能(neng)(neng)，目前鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)是(shi)Z能(neng)(neng)滿足以上綜合要求的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)，一(yi)般采用(yong)(yong)工業純鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)TA1\TA2 鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)極(ji)上的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物涂(tu)(tu)層的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)：電(dian)(dian)阻率低(di)，具有(you)(you)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性（鈦(tai)(tai)(tai)本(ben)身導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性能(neng)(neng)不好(hao)(hao)(hao)），貴金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)涂(tu)(tu)層的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)組成(cheng)穩(wen)定(ding)，晶(jing)體結構穩(wen)定(ding)，電(dian)(dian)極(ji)尺(chi)寸(cun)穩(wen)定(ding)，耐(nai)蝕性好(hao)(hao)(hao)，壽(shou)命長，具有(you)(you)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)性能(neng)(neng)，有(you)(you)利于(yu)降低(di)析氧(yang)(yang)、析氯反(fan)應的(de)(de)(de)過電(dian)(dian)位，節(jie)約電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。

　　2、冶金工業(ye)中(zhong)的(de)(de)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分可溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和不溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。 可溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在電(dian)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程中(zhong)起補充金屬離子和導電(dian)的(de)(de)作用，不溶(rong)(rong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)只起導電(dian)作用。Z早的(de)(de)不溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)石墨和鉛系(xi)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上世紀70年代鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)作為新技(ji)術開始應用在電(dian)解(jie)(jie)和電(dian)鍍(du)行業(ye)。目(mu)前(qian)不溶(rong)(rong)性(xing)(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可分為兩大類：析氯(lv)(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和析氧(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。析氯(lv)(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)(yao)用于(yu)氯(lv)(lv)化物(wu)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)液體(ti)系(xi)，電(dian)鍍(du)過(guo)程中(zhong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)*屏蔽的(de)(de)關鍵字*釋放(fang)出來，因此(ci)稱(cheng)為析氯(lv)(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)；析氧(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)(yao)用于(yu)硫酸(suan)鹽、硝酸(suan)鹽、氫(qing)氰酸(suan)鹽等電(dian)解(jie)(jie)液體(ti)系(xi)，電(dian)鍍(du)過(guo)程中(zhong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)氧(yang)氣釋放(fang)出來，因此(ci)稱(cheng)為析氧(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。鉛合(he)金陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)析氧(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)根據(ju)其(qi)表面催化涂層不同分別具有(you)析氧(yang)、析氯(lv)(lv)功能或二(er)者功效兼有(you)。         

        3、鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)及鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合金(jin)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)  鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合金(jin)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)屬(shu)于(yu)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)，析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)反應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)硫(liu)酸(suan)和硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽，主要用(yong)于(yu)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)冶金(jin)。這(zhe)種陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)存在(zai)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)幾何尺(chi)寸會(hui)有(you)所變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷。，在(zai)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)基(ji)體(ti)(ti)首先轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，然后再轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)一個中(zhong)間(jian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，它是(shi)絕緣體(ti)(ti)，起著化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學阻擋層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，可以(yi)在(zai)硫(liu)酸(suan)環境中(zhong)保(bao)護內(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)體(ti)(ti)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)在(zai)外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)實(shi)際意義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)，上面(mian)發(fa)生(sheng)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)反應(ying)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)電(dian)位很高，并且隨著電(dian)流密度的(de)(de)(de)(de)增加迅速(su)上升(sheng)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)合金(jin)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種特(te)征(zheng)是(shi)由它外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固有(you)特(te)點—氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)良導體(ti)(ti)所決定的(de)(de)(de)(de)。此外(wai)，在(zai)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學性能(neng)不(bu)斷(duan)衰減，其內(nei)部應(ying)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)導致氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)一層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)脫落，另外(wai)，過(guo)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)成也導致氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)斷(duan)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)間(jian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)再次被轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，成為(wei)(wei)(wei)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)電(dian)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)活(huo)性物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)，內(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)基(ji)體(ti)(ti)又被氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，形(xing)成新的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)中(zhong)間(jian)保(bao)護層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。因此，在(zai)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)及其合金(jin)元素不(bu)斷(duan)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)(jie)到(dao)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)里并沉(chen)淀造(zao)成溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)污染(ran)（溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學沉(chen)淀）和陰極(ji)(ji)產(chan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)（陰極(ji)(ji)表(biao)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)電(dian)沉(chen)積，電(dian)解(jie)(jie)到(dao)銅的(de)(de)(de)(de)純度不(bu)能(neng)很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)得到(dao)保(bao)證）。